Developing a Quality-of-Life Measurement Framework for Zakat Beneficiaries

Abstract

This study develops and validates a Quality-of-Life (QoL) Measurement Framework for zakat beneficiaries (mustahik), integrating Islamic principles, Maqasid al-Shariah, and established well-being theories. The framework shifts the evaluation focus from disbursement amounts to measurable, sustainable life improvements, aligning with the Humanitarian–Development Nexus. Using a mixed-methods design, the study combined desk research, focus group discussions, and semi-structured interviews with experts from zakat institutions. The framework operationalizes four core principles (Economy, Education, Health, and Spirituality) into nine dimensions, fifteen variables, and fifteen indicators. Each indicator is assessed on a six-tier scale, from “loss of resources” to “expansion of community benefits,” and weighted using the Multi-Stage Weighted Index (MSWI) method based on expert judgment. The framework provides a robust, multi-dimensional measurement tool that captures both material and spiritual welfare changes. It demonstrates that integrating behavioural change theory into zakat evaluation enables tracking of beneficiary progress through clear, staged development levels. The model ensures zakat programs address immediate needs while fostering long-term resilience, self-reliance, and community contribution. This study focuses on framework development and validation; large-scale field application across diverse contexts is recommended for further refinement. The approach is adaptable for other Islamic social finance programs seeking comprehensive impact measurement. Zakat institutions can adopt this framework to enhance transparency, monitor program effectiveness, and strengthen public trust by evidencing tangible quality-of-life improvements. This is among the first empirical studies to design a zakat-specific QoL measurement tool that integrates Islamic values, international well-being models, and advanced index-weighting methodology, bridging the gap between humanitarian relief and sustainable development.