Work Life Balance: A Study of Personality Traits, Time Management, and Technology Factors in Millennials and Generation Z
Keywords:
Work Life Balance, Millennials, Gen Z, Personality Traits, Technology, Time Management, SmartPLS.Abstract
Work can impact the balance between personal and professional life, especially when someone has to face long working hours and excessive workloads. In addition, increasing demands from work or family roles can also trigger conflicts between the work domain and personal life, which in turn can cause stress and even disrupt daily life stability. This study aims to examine the relationship between the variables Personality Traits, Technology, and Time Management on Work-Life Balance in Generation Z and Millennials, with the goal of gaining an understanding of how to improve life balance and create a healthy and productive work environment. This study was carried out using quantitative methods in the DKI Jakarta area to investigate the relationship between these three variables and the level of Work-Life Balance in both generations. A total of 220 respondents from various industry sectors in Indonesia participated by filling out questionnaires. The results show an R-Square value of 0.648 for the three variables (Personality Traits, Technology, and Time Management). The Technology variable had the most dominant influence with a coefficient of 0.906 (T = 13.411; p = 0.000), while Time Management had a negative influence with a coefficient of -0.143 (T = 2.681; p = 0.007), while Personality Traits had a very small and insignificant effect (T = 0.178; p = 0.859). Bootstrap Multigroup Analysis (MGA) with SmartPLS showed no significant difference between Millennials and Generation Z in the relationship between the variables tested. Work-Life Balance is determined by time management effectiveness and proportional technology use. Appropriate technology use can support work flexibility, but without good time management, it can cause fatigue and reduce an individual's well-being.
References
Alameddine, M., Al-Yateem, N., Bou-Karroum, K., Hijazi, H., Al Marzouqi, A., & Al-Adawi, S. (2023). Measurement of work‐life balance: a scoping review with a focus on the health sector. Journal of Nursing Management, 2023(1), 3666224. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/3666224
Ali, A., & Siddiqui, O. (2025). Navigating work-life balance in the digital age: A comprehensive review of factors impacting IT industry employees. Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management, 10(7s). https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i7s.862
Allen, T. D., Regina, J., Wiernik, B. M., & Waiwood, A. M. (2023). Toward a better understanding of the causal effects of role demands on work–family conflict: A genetic modeling approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 108(3), 520–539. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0001032
Ambrož, M. (2021). Time management and performance in organizations. Challenges of the Future, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.37886/ip.2021.016
Angelini, G. (2023). Big five model personality traits and job burnout: A systematic literature review. BMC Psychology, 11(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-023-01056-y
Bakar, A. Y. A. (2024). The application of work-life balance in relation with employees’ well-being: An exploratory study. Journal of Law and Sustainable Development, 12(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v12i2.3243
Bello, Z., & Tanko, G. I. (2020). Review of work-life balance theories. GATR Global Journal of Business and Social Science Review, 8(4), 217–227. https://doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2020.8.4(3)
Bhatia, Y. (2023). Impact of Information and Communication Technologies on Work-Life Balance – A Systematic Review of the Literature. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.25215/1104.171
Cano, J. B., Casul, C. J. I., Calipes, J. R., Ayop, J., Eroy, C. P., Exclamador, R. Y. A., & Pardoncillo, A. B. (2024). Employees’ assessment of their time management and work-life balance. IOER International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 6(2), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.54476/ioer-imrj/447719
Cheema, S. F., Zainab, B., Tariq, H., & Zoha, M. (2024). Relationship between personality traits and work-life balance with a mediating role of work-family conflict. Al-Nasr, 3(1), Article e08. https://doi.org/10.53762/alnasr.03.01.e08
Economics Insider. (2025, March 6). Global Workforce Change by Generation: Current and Projected 2035. Economics Insider. https://economicsinsider.com/global-workforce-distribution-by-generation/
Ghafar, Z. N. (2023). The relevance of time management in academic achievement: A critical review of the literature. International Journal of Applied and Scientific Research (IJASR), 1(4), 347–358. https://doi.org/10.59890/ijasr.v1i4.1008
Gualano, M. R., Buttigieg, S., & Moscato, U. (2023). Editorial: Impact of digitalization on workers' health and work-life balance. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1204465. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1204465
Hackney, A., Yung, M., Somasundram, K. G., Nowrouzi-Kia, B., Oakman, J., & Yazdani, A. (2022). Working in the digital economy: A systematic review of the impact of work from home arrangements on personal and organizational performance and productivity. PLOS ONE, 17(10), e0274728. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274728
Hair, J. F., Jr., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). SAGE Publications.
Hartner-Tiefenthaler, M., Mostafa, A. M. S., & Koeszegi, S. T. (2023). The double-edged sword of online access to work tools outside work. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 1035989. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.1035989
Hossain, M. Z., Islam, H., & Purnima, F. H. (2024). The Flexibility Paradox: Does Remote Work Improve or Blur Work-Life Balance? European Journal of Management, Economics and Business, 1(2), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejmeb.2024.1(2).05
Inggamara, A., Pierewan, A. C., & Ayriza, Y. (2022). Work–life balance and social support: The influence on work engagement in the Sixth European Working Conditions Survey. Journal of Employment Counseling, 59(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/joec.12175
Kahn, J. H., et al. (2020). The role of time management in work-life balance: A study of millennials and Generation Z. Journal of Business Research, 112, 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.05.012
Keshwani, P., & Patel, S. (2023). The impact of technology on work life balance. Iconic Research and Engineering Journals, 6(12), 1142–1150.
Köse, S., Baykal, B., Köse, S., Çuhadar, S. G., Turgay, F., & Kıroglu Bayat, I. (2021, January). Role of personality traits in work-life balance and life satisfaction. In Eurasian economic perspectives: Proceedings of the 29th Eurasia Business and Economics Society conference (pp. 279-295). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
Kumar, R., Khedwal, A., Goud, S., Mahulkar, A., & Sharma, S. (2024). The impact of technologies on work-life balance. ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts, 5(1), 2242–2252. https://doi.org/10.29121/shodhkosh.v5.i1.2024.5123
Mao, H., Liu, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y., & Gong, Y. (2020). Information technology competency and organizational agility: Roles of absorptive capacity and information intensity. Information Technology & People, 34(1), 421–451. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-12-2018-0560
Mashavira, N., Nyoni, N. D., Mathibe, M. S., & Chada, L. (2023). Work-life balance in the Zimbabwe retail sector: Testing a job-engagement and job-satisfaction model. Acta Commercii, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/ac.v23i1.1139
Maszura, L., & Novliadi, F. (2020). The influence of perceived organizational support on work-life balance. International Journals of Sciences and High Technologies, 22(1).
Mullan, K., Wajcman, J., & Bittman, M. (2022). Digital stress and work-life conflict: A time use perspective. New Technology, Work and Employment, 37(3), 285–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12231
Murugan, K., & Mohamad Rashadh, M. (2024). A study on reducing digital fatigue in remote work. International Journal of Foreign Trade and International Business, 6(2), 153–159. https://doi.org/10.33545/26633140.2024.v6.i2b.130
Ningsih, S., & Rijanti, T. (2022). The Influence of Personality, Work-Life Balance, and Organizational Culture on Job Satisfaction (Case Study at PT BPR BKK Demak (Perseroda) Kab Demak). Journal of Management and Business Science, 10(3), 157–175.
Nurain, A., Chaniago, H., & Efawati, Y. (2024). Digital behavior and impact on employee performance: Evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, 19(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242024000300015
Opatrná, Z., & Prochazka, J. (2023). Work-life balance policies and organizational financial performance: A scoping review. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 45(7), 103–120. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-09-2022-0417
Pongoh, H. M., Gessal, Z. E. V., & Mandagi, D. W. (2024). Navigating performance: Surfing on the ocean (Big Five) personality traits. Journal of Economic, Business and Accounting, 7(6).
Pratama, H. P., & Setiadi, I. K. (2021). The influence of work-life balance on the job satisfaction of millennial employees at startup companies in Jakarta. Business Management Analysis Journal (BMAJ), 4(2), 145–159. https://doi.org/10.24176/bmaj.v4i2.6602
Putri, F., Raharja, S., & Muhyi, H. (2025). The effect of time management and work-life balance on job satisfaction. EKOMBIS REVIEW: Journal of Economics and Business, 13(2), 1687–1698. https://doi.org/10.37676/ekombis.v13i2.7682
Putri, S. A., & Ferli, O. (2024). The Big Five Personality Traits on Financial Literacy and Investor Risk Behavior Among Generation Z Investors. Journal of Accounting, Management, and Islamic Economics, 2(2), 561–578.
Quinn, A., & Hartland-Grant, L. (2024). The importance of personality and personal beliefs for understanding work-life balance in higher education. Studies in Higher Education, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2024.2423227
Rahajeng, M. G., & Handayani, K. (2022). The effect of work-life balance and work satisfaction on work productivity of employees of the Special Capital Region of Jakarta. Jurnal Ekonomi Perusahaan, 29(1), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.46806/jep.v29i1.841
Rahmani, E., & Che Embi, Z. (2025). Path to a healthy work-life balance: Mobile application for work and personal life mastery. Journal of Innovation in Work and Education, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.33093/jiwe.2025.4.1.23
Retnowati, E., Ginting, S., Asnawi, Mere, K., & Jumarding, A. (2024). The impact of flexible work policies on Gen Z employee satisfaction and retention: A multi-industry analysis. Dinasti International Journal of Economics, Finance & Accounting, 5(3), 1629–1638. https://doi.org/10.38035/dijefa.v5i3.2987
Shafariah, H., & Gofur, A. (2025). Is burnout a missing link? Exploring the relationship between work-life balance and job satisfaction. Oikonomia: Jurnal Manajemen, 21(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.47313/oikonomia.v21i1.3946
Shaikh, S., Khoso, I., & Channa, N. (2023). The Nexus Between Time Management Behaviors and Work-Life Balance of Employees. Etikonomi, 22(1), 119–130. https://doi.org/10.15408/etk.v22i1.22385
Swesty, F. W., Sahrah, A., & Fitriana, N. (2024). The Influence of Big Five Personality Types and Family Social Support on Work-Life Balance in Single Working Mothers. Spiritual Healing: Journal of Sufism and Psychotherapy, 5(2), 99–113.
Trifan, V. A., & Pantea, M. F. (2023). The receptivity of younger generation Romanian employees to new technology implementation and its impact on the balance between work and life. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 24(3), 489–505. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2023.19500
Utami, D., Andriyani, F., & Fajrini, F. (2021). Overview of stress levels in the implementation of work from home during the COVID-19 pandemic in DKI Jakarta. Muhammadiyah Public Health Journal, 1(2), 101–113. https://doi.org/10.24853/mphj.v1i2.9342
Wahyuni, C. S. B., Musadieq, M. A., Prasetya, A., & Arifin, Z. (2025). Work-life balance and organizational commitment: The gender perspective. Journal of Management World, 2025(1), 240–244. https://doi.org/10.53935/jomw.v2024i4.643
Waworuntu, E. C., Kainde, S. J. R., & Mandagi, D. W. (2022). Work-Life Balance, Job Satisfaction and Performance Among Millennial and Gen Z Employees: A Systematic Review. Society, 10(2), 286–300. https://doi.org/10.33019/society.v10i2.464
World Health Organization (WHO). Mental Health at Work. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-at-work
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 TEC EMPRESARIAL
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
