Fighting the Elements: The Role of PhD Holders in Low-Tech Industrial Districts

Authors

  • Francisco Javier Ortega-Colomer
  • José-Vicente Tomás-Miquel
  • Josep Capó-Vicedo Universitat Politècnica de València

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1229/tecempresarialjournal.v20i2.628

Keywords:

PhD holders, low-tech industries, qualitative study, interpretive approach, industrial district, cluster

Abstract

Not all PhD holders can pursue careers in academia, leading many to work in non-academic organizations or start their own businesses. Previous research has focused on high-tech regions, where PhD skills are more sought after; however, this study explores PhD roles in a Valencian industrial district primarily focused on low-tech textile industries. Using qualitative methods, we examine both PhD holders' and employers' perceptions of these roles. The findings encourage a nuanced view of PhD holders as change agents who contribute significantly to regional challenges, enriching the broader academic discourse on PhD employability outside academia. This research underlines the importance of recognizing diverse contributions made by PhD holders in low-tech contexts, which often go unacknowledged. Additionally, it points to a lack of trust between PhD holders and employers, which hampers collaborative efforts and understanding of their roles. By addressing these challenges, our findings offer insights for policies aimed at enhancing the social impact of research and encouraging stronger partnerships between PhD professionals and regional industries.

References

Aanerud, R., Morrison, E., Homer, L., Rudd, E., Nerad, M., & Cerny, J. (2007). Widening the Lens on Gender and Tenure: Looking Beyond the Academic Labor Market. NWSA Journal, 19(3), 105-123.

Aarnikoivu, M., Nokkala, T., Siekkinen, T., Kuoppala, K., & Pekkola, E. (2019). Working outside academia? Perceptions of early-career, fixed-term researchers on changing careers. European Journal of Higher Education, 9(2), 172-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568235.2018.1548941

Auriol, L. (2010). Careers of Doctorate Holders: Employment and Mobility Patterns.

Bagattolli, C., & Brandão, T. (2021). Contesting the Mainstream Narrative? A Conceptual Discussion on the Politics of Science, Technology, and Innovation from the Periphery. Journal of Scientometric Research, 10(1s). https://doi.org/10.5530/jscires.10.1s.18

Baker, M. (Ed.). (1997). Interpretive approach. En Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Routledge.

Belso-Martínez, J.-A., Tomás-Miquel, J.-V., Expósito-Langa, M., & Mateu-García, R. (2020). Delving into the technical textile phenomenon: Networking strategies and innovation in mature clusters. The Journal of The Textile Institute, 111(2), 260-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2019.1631638

Benneworth, P., Coenen, L., Moodysson, J., & Asheim, B. (2009). Exploring the Multiple Roles of Lund University in Strengthening Scania’s Regional Innovation System: Towards Institutional Learning? European Planning Studies, 17(11), 1645-1664. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310903230582

Boix, R., & Galletto, V. (2009). Innovation and Industrial Districts: A First Approach to the Measurement and Determinants of the I-District Effect. Regional Studies, 43(9), 1117-1133. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400801932342

Bonache, J., & Zárraga-Oberty, C. (2020). Compensating international mobility in a workers’ cooperative: An interpretive study. Journal of World Business, 55(5), 100975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2018.11.005

Boschma, R. A., & ter Wal, A. L. J. (2007). Knowledge Networks and Innovative Performance in an Industrial District: The Case of a Footwear District in the South of Italy. Industry and Innovation, 14(2), 177-199. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662710701253441

Bronzini, R., & Piselli, P. (2016). The impact of R&D subsidies on firm innovation. Research Policy, 45(2), 442-457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2015.10.008

Calvo Palomares, R., Sigalat Signes, E., & Aguado & Hernàndez, J. A. (2020). La descoordinación territorial del desarrollo local: ¿demasiados actores para un mismo territorio? Una aproximación empírica a la realidad de la Comunitat Valenciana. OBETS. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 15(1), 71-104. https://doi.org/10.14198/OBETS2020.15.1.03

Camarena-Gil, E., Garrigues, C., & Puig, F. (2020). Innovating in the textile industry: An uncoordinated dance between firms and their territory? Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Innovation, 16(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.7341/20201632

Canolle, F. (2021). Careers in context: Analysis of career trajectories of PhD holders outside of academia. @GRH, 40(3), 37-60. https://doi.org/10.3917/grh.213.0037

Carregal-Castro, L., Alló-Pazos, M., & Longarela-Ares, Á. (2018). Investment in environmental protection in the textile sector: Influence of legal, environmental and economic-financial factors. ECORFAN-Mexico Journal, 9(21), 10-26.

Coad, A., & Rao, R. (2008). Innovation and firm growth in high-tech sectors: A quantile regression approach. Research Policy, 37(4), 633-648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.01.003

Cooke, P. (2018a). Generative growth with ‘thin’ globalization: Cambridge’s crossover model of innovation. European Planning Studies, 26(9), 1815-1834. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2017.1421908

Cooke, P. (2018b). Transversality, resilience and innovation: A qualitative regional analysis. Resilience, Crisis and Innovation Dynamics, 130-149. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786432193.00014

Crespo, J., & Vicente, J. (2016). Proximity and Distance in Knowledge Relationships: From Micro to Structural Considerations based on Territorial Knowledge Dynamics (TKDs). Regional Studies, 50(2), 202-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2014.984671

Cyranoski, D., Gilbert, N., Ledford, H., Nayar, A., & Yahia, M. (2011). Education: The PhD factory. Nature, 472(7343), 276-279. https://doi.org/10.1038/472276A

De Meyer, A. (2013). The future of doctoral education in business administration. Journal of Management Development, 32(5), 477-486. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621711311328264

de Oliveira Neto, G. C., Tucci, H. N. P., Correia, J. M. F., da Silva, P. C., da Silva, D., & Amorim, M. (2021). Stakeholders’ influences on the adoption of cleaner production practices: A survey of the textile industry. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 26, 126-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2020.10.001

Enders, J. (2004). Research training and careers in transition: A European perspective on the many faces of the Ph.D. Studies in Continuing Education, 26(3), 419-429. https://doi.org/10.1080/0158037042000265935

Engel, J. S. (2015). Global Clusters of Innovation: Lessons from Silicon Valley. California Management Review, 57(2), 36-65. https://doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2015.57.2.36

European Commission. (2006). Creating an Innovative Europe. European Commission.

European Commission. (2008). The Concept of Clusters and Cluster Policies and Their Role for Competitiveness and Innovation: Main Statistical Results and Lessons Learned. Europe INNOVA / PRO INNO Euro paper No9. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/c15445bd-8203-4d15-b907-56ea17a9876e

European Commission. (2019). The European Green Deal. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:b828d165-1c22-11ea-8c1f-01aa75ed71a1.0002.02/DOC_1&format=PDF

Germain-Alamartine, E., Ahoba-Sam, R., Moghadam-Saman, S., & Evers, G. (2021). Doctoral graduates’ transition to industry: Networks as a mechanism? Cases from Norway, Sweden and the UK. Studies in Higher Education, 46(12), 2680-2695. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1754783

Godin, B. (2006). The Linear Model of Innovation: The Historical Construction of an Analytical Framework. Science, Technology, & Human Values, 31(6), 639-667. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243906291865

Godin, B., & Vinck, D. (Eds.). (2017). Critical Studies of Innovation. Alternative Approaches to the Pro-Innovation Bias. Edward Elgar. https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/gbp/critical-studies-of-innovation-9781785366963.html

Gokhberg, L., Shmatko, N., & Auriol, L. (2016). Rethinking the Doctoral Degrees in the Changing Labor Market Context. En L. Gokhberg, N. Shmatko, & L. Auriol (Eds.), The Science and Technology Labor Force: The Value of Doctorate Holders and Development of Professional Careers (pp. 1-7). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27210-8_1

Haapakorpi, A. (2015). Doctorate holders outside the academy in Finland: Academic engagement and industry-specific competence. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2015.1119257, 30(1), 53-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2015.1119257

Hansen, T., & Winther, L. (2011). Innovation, regional development and relations between high- and low-tech industries. European Urban and Regional Studies, 18(3), 321-339. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776411403990

Hartog, M., Boschma, R., & Sotarauta, M. (2012). The Impact of Related Variety on Regional Employment Growth in Finland 1993–2006: High-Tech versus Medium/Low-Tech. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2012.718874, 19(6), 459-476. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662716.2012.718874

Hayter, C. S., & Parker, M. A. (2019). Factors that influence the transition of university postdocs to non-academic scientific careers: An exploratory study. Research Policy, 48(3), 556-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2018.09.009

Heidenreich, M. (2009). Innovation patterns and location of European low- and medium-technology industries. Research Policy, 38(3), 483-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.10.005

Herrera, L., & Nieto, M. (2016). PhD careers in Spanish industry: Job determinants in manufacturing versus non-manufacturing firms. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 113, 341-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2015.09.019

Hirsch-Kreinsen, H. (2008a). "Low -Technology”: A Forgotten Sector in Innovation Policy. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, 3(3), 11-20. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242008000100002

Hirsch-Kreinsen, H. (2008b). "Low -Technology”: A Forgotten Sector in Innovation Policy. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, 3(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242008000100002

Hirsch‐Kreinsen, H., Jacobson, D., & Robertson, P. L. (2006). ‘Low‐tech’ Industries: Innovativeness and Development Perspectives—A Summary of a European Research Project. Prometheus, 24(1), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/08109020600563762

Hoshino, A. (2023). Freeing up Japan’s PhD potential. Nature, 615(7951), S57-S57. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-00659-0

Kirner, E., Kinkel, S., & Jaeger, A. (2009). Innovation paths and the innovation performance of low-technology firms—An empirical analysis of German industry. Research Policy, 38(3), 447-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2008.10.011

Kuoppakangas, P., Suomi, K., Pekkola, E., Kivistö, J., Kallio, T., & Stenvall, J. (2020). Theoretical, practical and hybrid ex-academics: Career transfer stories: https://doi.org/10.1177/1474904120915026, 20(1), 14-41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474904120915026

Kyvik, S., & Olsen, T. B. (2012). The relevance of doctoral training in different labour markets. Journal of Education and Work, 25(2), 205-224. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2010.538376

Larson, R. C., Ghaffarzadegan, N., & Xue, Y. (2014). Too Many PhD Graduates or Too Few Academic Job Openings: The Basic Reproductive Number R0 in Academia. Systems research and behavioral science, 31(6), 745-750. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2210

Lawton Smith, H. (2003). Local Innovation Assemblages and Institutional Capacity in Local High-tech Economic Development: The Case of Oxfordshire. Urban Studies, 40(7), 1353-1369. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098032000084640

Lazzeretti, L., & Capone, F. (2017). The transformation of the Prato industrial district: An organisational ecology analysis of the co-evolution of Italian and Chinese firms. The Annals of Regional Science, 58(1), 135-158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-016-0790-5

Lee, N. (2011). Are Innovative Regions More Unequal? Evidence from Europe. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 29(1), 2-23. https://doi.org/10.1068/c1046r

Li, G. Y., Ascani, A., & Iammarino, S. (2024). The material basis of modern technologies. A case study on rare metals. Research Policy, 53(1), 104914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2023.104914

Lundvall, B.-Å. (2023). Transformative innovation policy – lessons from the innovation system literature. Innovation and Development, 0(0), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2022.2158996

Lundvall, B.-Å., Johnson, B., Andersen, E. S., & Dalum, B. (2002). National systems of production, innovation and competence building. Research Policy, 31(2), 213-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00137-8

Marini, G. (2022). The employment destination of PhD-holders in Italy: Non-academic funded projects as drivers of successful segmentation. European Journal of Education, 57(2), 289-305. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12495

Martin, B. R., & Etzkowitz, H. (2001). The Origin and Evolution of the University Species.

McAlpine, L., & Amundsen, C. (2009). Identity and agency: Pleasures and collegiality among the challenges of the doctoral journey. Studies in Continuing Education, 31(2), 109-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/01580370902927378

McAlpine, L., & Inouye, K. (2022a). PhD graduates in non-academic roles: Harnessing communication knowledge to meet organizational goals. Studies in Graduate and Postdoctoral Education, 13(2), 151-170. https://doi.org/10.1108/SGPE-05-2021-0044

McAlpine, L., & Inouye, K. (2022b). What value do PhD graduates offer? An organizational case study. Higher Education Research & Development, 41(5), 1648-1663. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2021.1945546

McAlpine, L., Skakni, I., & Inouye, K. (2021). Phd careers beyond the traditional: Integrating individual and structural factors for a richer account. European Journal of Higher Education, 11(4), Article 4.

Molina-Morales, F. X. (2001). Human capital in the industrial districts. Human Systems Management, 20(4), 319-331. https://doi.org/10.3233/HSM-2001-20405

Ortega-Colomer, F. J. (2013). The evolution of the local role(s) of the university in a low-tech region. International Journal of Technology Management & Sustainable Development, 12(1), 71-87. https://doi.org/10.1386/tmsd.12.1.71_1

Ortega-Colomer, F. J., Molina-Morales, F. X., & Lucio, I. F. de. (2016). Discussing the Concepts of Cluster and Industrial District. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, 11(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-27242016000200014

Pablo-Hernando, S. (2022). No es oro todo lo que reluce: Precariedad y sobrecualificación en el mercado de trabajo de los doctores. Tendencias Sociales. Revista de Sociología, 9, Article 9. https://doi.org/10.5944/ts.2022.36439

Palomares, R. C., Signes, E. S., & Hernàndez, J. A. A. (2020). La descoordinación territorial del desarrollo local: ¿demasiados actores para un mismo territorio? Una aproximación empírica a la realidad de la Comunitat Valenciana. OBETS. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, 15(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.14198/OBETS2020.15.1.03

Pedersen, H. S. (2015). Empirical Essays on the Labor Market Outcomes of PhD Graduates Politica.

Pedersen, H. S. (2016). Are PhDs winners or losers? Wage premiums for doctoral degrees in private sector employment. Higher Education, 71(2), 269-287.

Pham, T. (2023). What really contributes to employability of PhD graduates in uncertain labour markets? Globalisation, Societies and Education, 0(0), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2023.2192908

Plöger, J. (2020). Employers stuck in place? Knowledge sector recruitment between regional embeddedness and internationalization. Regional Studies, 54(12), 1737-1747. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2020.1765231

Porta, D. D., & Keating, M. (2008). Approaches and Methodologies in the Social Sciences. A Pluralist Perspective. Cambridge University Press.

Powell, K. (2015). The future of the postdoc. Nature, 520(7546), 144-147. https://doi.org/10.1038/520144A

Puig, F., & Marques, H. (2010). Territory, specialization and globalization in European manufacturing. Territory, Specialization and Globalization in European Manufacturing, 1-182. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203844809/TERRITORY-SPECIALIZATION-GLOBALIZATION-EUROPEAN-MANUFACTURING-HELENA-MARQUES-FRANCISCO-PUIG

Reguera-Alvarado, N., & Bravo, F. (2018). The impact of directors’ high-tech experience on innovation in low-tech firms. Innovation, 20(3), 223-239. https://doi.org/10.1080/14479338.2017.1407220

Sandberg, J. (2000). Understanding human competence at work: An interpretative approach. Academy of Management Journal, 43(1), 9-25. Scopus. https://doi.org/10.2307/1556383

Saxenian, A. (1991). The origins and dynamics of production networks in Silicon Valley. Research Policy, 20(5), 423-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(91)90067-Z

Schmierl, K., & Köhler, H. D. (2005). Organisational learning: Knowledge management and training in low-tech and medium low-tech companies. Perspectives on economic political and social integration. Journal for Mental Changes, 11, 171-221.

Sekuler, A. B., Crow, B., & Annan, R. B. (2013). Beyond Labs and Libraries: Career Pathways for Doctoral Students. Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario.

Sivertsen, G., & Meijer, I. (2020). Normal versus extraordinary societal impact: How to understand, evaluate, and improve research activities in their relations to society? Research Evaluation, 29(1), 66-70. https://doi.org/10.1093/reseval/rvz032

Stokes, D. E. (1997). Pasteur’s Quadrant: Basic science and technological innovation. The Brookings Institution.

Su, H.-N., & Moaniba, I. M. (2017). Does innovation respond to climate change? Empirical evidence from patents and greenhouse gas emissions. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 122, 49-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.04.017

Vence-Deza, X., & González-López, M. (2008). Regional Concentration of the Knowledge-based Economy in the EU: Towards a Renewed Oligocentric Model? European Planning Studies, 16(4), 557-578. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310801983472

Published

2025-10-06

How to Cite

Ortega-Colomer, F. J., Tomás-Miquel, J.-V., & Capó-Vicedo, J. (2025). Fighting the Elements: The Role of PhD Holders in Low-Tech Industrial Districts. TEC EMPRESARIAL, 20(2), 701–715. https://doi.org/10.1229/tecempresarialjournal.v20i2.628